What characterizes an intellectual disability?

An intellectual disability is primarily characterized by significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. This means that individuals with intellectual disabilities typically have an IQ score that is considerably below average, accompanied by challenges in everyday functioning, such as communication, self-care, and independent living. The focus on "severe limits" highlights that the disability is not just a minor difficulty but rather a profound impact on cognitive abilities and the capacity to navigate daily life effectively.

The other choices do not accurately encapsulate the defining features of an intellectual disability. For instance, chronic fatigue and reduced capacity for learning can be associated with various conditions but are not foundational characteristics of intellectual disabilities. Similarly, periods of high intelligence followed by low performance may describe conditions like mood disorders or other cognitive fluctuations but do not align with the stable and defined criteria surrounding intellectual disabilities. Lastly, having a normal IQ but facing challenges in social situations indicates potential issues in social or emotional functioning rather than a primary intellectual limitation, which is essential for diagnosing an intellectual disability. Thus, the correct answer reflects the core characteristics that define intellectual disabilities.